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Copyright (c) 2026 Thohar Al Abza, Heni Purwati, Ainun Nadzifah, Ahmad ‘Ubaydi Hasbillah, Arif Syibromalisi, Andi Miftahul Maulidil Mursyid

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PATRIARCHY AND HADITH IN TOMBOR MAG: GENDER POLITICS IN PAPUAN ISLAMIC MARRIAGE LAW
Corresponding Author(s) : M.Thohar Al Abza
Al-Qalam,
Vol. 32 No. 1 (2026): Jurnal Al Qalam
Abstract
This study examines the patriarchal dimension of living hadith embedded in the Tombor Mag tradition
among Muslim Patipi community in Fakfak, West Papua, a Muslim majority regency in eastern Indonesia.
The analysis argues that Tombor Mag is not simply a customary form of mahr, but rather a deeply rooted
socio-religious institution through which patriarchal power is perpetuated via selective interpretations
of hadith. Using a qualitative field-based approach, data were collected through interviews, participant
observation, and document analysis, then analyzed through living hadith studies, Foucauldian discourse
analysis, and maqāṣid-oriented gender hermeneutics. The results show that Tombor Mag serves as a
significant marker of family honor, masculine legitimacy, and inter-clan solidarity, while also imposing
economic burdens and reinforcing gender inequality among Patipi Muslim families. Hadiths concerning
male responsibility and mahr obligation are selectively emphasized to legitimize customary structures,
whereas hadiths promoting simplicity and moderation in marriage are systematically marginalized. The
study further demonstrates that interpretive authority is dominated by male religious and customary
elites, resulting in patriarchal readings of hadith that reinforce women’s symbolic subordination and
constrain their agency within marital negotiations. This article proposes a maqāṣid al-sharīʿah-oriented
and gender-sensitive reinterpretation of hadith as a normative framework for reformulating customary
marriage practices while preserving cultural continuity and promoting justice, reciprocity, and human
dignity in Islamic family law.
Keywords
- Abu Dawud. 2025. Sunan Abi Dawud. https://sunnah.com/abudawud.
- Abza, M. Thohar Al, Heni Purwati, Muhamad Yusuf, Zulihi Zulihi, and Suparto Iribaram. 2024. ‘Helping Ease during Marriage: Tombor Magh as Social Ties among Family Members of Fakfak Family, West Papua, Indonesia’. Walisongo: Jurnal Penelitian Sosial Keagamaan 32(2 SE-Articles):217–44. doi:10.21580/ws.32.2.22985.
- Al-Bukhari, M. I. 1993. Sahih al-Bukhari (5th ed.). Dar Ibn Kathir.
- Al-Nawawi, A. Z. 2009. Syarh al-Majmu’ Syarh al-Muhadzdzab. Kairo: Mathba’ah al-Tadamun al-Kubra.
- Al-Syāṭibī Abū Isḥāq. 2004. Al-Muwāfaqāt Fī Uṣūl al-Syarī‘ah. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyyah.
- Al-Tirmidzi, Muhammad bin Isa bin Saurah bin Musa bin Dlahhak Abu Isa. 1975. Sunan Al-Tirmidzi. 2nd edn. edited by A. M. Syakir and M. F. A. Baqi. Kairo: Mathba’ah Mustafa Babi al-Halabi.
- Amir, S. 2016. Molape Saronde dan Motidi dalam bingkai adat dan agama di Gorontalo. Al-Qalam: Jurnal Keagamaan dan Sosial Budaya, 22(1), 106–119. https://doi.org/10.31969/alq.v22i1.264.
- Amri, L., Ansar, S. L., & Makarewa, M. Y. 2020. Negotiating legal pluralism: Managing tensions between Islamic law and customary law in Muslim marriage practices in Papua, Indonesia. Journal de l’Islam, 23(1), 10–12. https://doi.org/10.21154/justicia.v23i1.12404.
- Auda, J. 2008. Maqasid al-shariah as philosophy of Islamic law. IIIT.
- Badan Pusat Statistik Kabupaten Fakfak. 2024. Statistik daerah Kabupaten Fakfak 2024 (Publication No. 91010.24028). https://fakfakkab.bps.go.id
- Barlas, A. 2002. Believing women in Islam: Unreading patriarchal interpretations of the Qur’an. University of Texas Press
- Bourdieu, P. 1991. Language and symbolic power. Polity Press.
- Bowen, John R. 2003. Islam, Law and Equality in Indonesia: An Anthropology of Public Reasoning. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Burhanudin, J., & van Dijk, K. (Eds.). 2013. Islam in Indonesia: Contrasting images and interpretations. Amsterdam University Press.
- Creswell, J. W. 2013. Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches. SAGE Publications.
- Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (2017). The SAGE handbook of qualitative research. SAGE Publications.
- Emerson, R. M., Fretz, R. I., & Shaw, L. L. 2011. Writing ethnographic fieldnotes (2nd ed.). University of Chicago Press.
- Ernas, S., Dp, I., & Kilderak, I. 2021. Islam, Papuanness and Indonesianess within Papuan Muslims in Fakfak. Al-Albab, 10(2), 275–294. https://doi.org/10.24260/alalbab.v10i2.1990.
- Fasiha, F., Umar, U., Cahyani, R., & Nursafitri, E. 2023. Islamic law perspective on gender equality in improving family welfare. Al-Qalam: Jurnal Keagamaan dan Sosial Budaya, 29(2). https://doi.org/10.31969/alq.v29i2.1336.
- Faqihuddin, A. K. 2019. Qiraah Mubadalah: Tafsir Progresif Untuk Keadilan Gender Dalam Islam. Yogyakarta: IRCiSoD.
- Fauzi, N., Rahmansyah, A., Herlina, H., & Bahri, A. 2025. Building Islamic schooling in a Muslim-minority region: KH. Uso, ’asabiyah, and the institutionalization of Islamic education in Papua 1965–2020. Al-Qalam: Jurnal Keagamaan dan Sosial Budaya, 31(2). https://doi.org/10.31969/alq.v31i2.1655.
- Foucault, M. 1980. Power/knowledge: Selected interviews and other writings 1972–1977. Pantheon Books.
- Foucault, M. 2002. The archaeology of knowledge. Routledge.
- Fredrik, J., Budiyono, & Siswanto. 2021. Ethnomathematics activities in kain timur making (The Moi tribe mas kawin tradition, Sorong City, West Papua). Proceedings of the International Conference of Mathematics and Mathematics Education (I-CMME 2021), 597, 295–302. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.211122.041.
- Gasmelsid, S. M., Jamil, K. H. B., & Nasution, A. 2026. On living hadîts: A new trend of hermeneutics approach to study hadîts in Indonesia. MIQOT: Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Keislaman, 50(1), 128–145. https://doi.org/10.30821/miqot.v50i1.1587.
- h. edited by M. E.-T. (trans. ). El-Mesawi. Herndon: IIIT.
- Hamid, I. al. 2020. Islam, local “strongmen,” and multi-track diplomacies in building religious harmony in Papua. Journal of Indonesian Islam, 14(1), 113–138. https://doi.org/10.15642/JIIS.2020.14.1.113-138.
- Harianto, Sugeng, & Listyani, R. H. 2025. Empowering marginalised women in rural Indonesia: A multifaceted approach. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 45(9–10), 959–980. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSSP-02-2025-0111.
- Hasbillah, A. U. 2019. Ilmu living Qur’an-Hadist: Ontologi, epistemologi, dan aksiologi. Maktabah Darus-Sunnah.
- Hasyim, M. F., Channa, L. A. W., & Mufid, M. 2020. The Walagara marriage ritual: The negotiation between Islamic law and custom in Tengger. Journal of Indonesian Islam, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.15642/JIIS.2020.14.1.139-162.
- Ibn ‘Āshūr, M. al-Ṭāhir. 2006. Treatise on maqasid al-shariah (M. El-Mesawi, Trans.). IIIT.
- Ilmiati, I., Nazhifah, L., Iqbal, M., Makkarateng, M. Y., & Arake, L. 2025. Unveiling gender disparities in legal traditions: A study of deferred mahar within customary law. De Jure: Jurnal Hukum dan Syar’iah, 17(1), 204–223. https://doi.org/10.18860/j-fsh.v17i1.30466.
- Islamy, A. 2020. Gender mainstreaming in the hermeneutics of Islamic family law. Al-Bayyinah, 4(1), 20–35. https://doi.org/10.35673/al-bayyinah.v4i1.686.
- Khasanah, U., & Merina, B. 2024. Papuan indigenous women in a patriarchal culture: A qualitative study. Proceeding of the International Conference on Social Sciences and Humanities Innovation, 1(1), 79–95. https://doi.org/10.70062/icsshi.v1i1.17.
- Lefaan, I. S., & Lelapary, H. L. 2016. Jati diri perempuan asli Fak Fak. Pustaka Pelajar.
- Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. 1985. Naturalistic inquiry. SAGE.
- Manoby, W. M., Siscawati, M., & Dewi, K. H. 2023. Otonomi khusus Papua dalam hubungan dengan gender, generasi, dan deforestasi: Sebuah kajian ekologi politik feminis. Jurnal Bina Praja, 15(2), 431–442. https://doi.org/10.21787/jbp.15.2023.431-442.
- Marpaung, L. 2021. Maskawin dalam sistem perkawinan tukar suku Isirawa di Kampung Wari, Sarmi, Papua. KENOSIS: Jurnal Kajian Teologi, 7(2), 315–336. https://doi.org/10.37196/kenosis.v7i2.377.
- Mernissi, F. 1991. The veil and the male elite: A feminist interpretation of women’s rights in Islam. Addison-Wesley.
- Mir-Hosseini, Z. (Ed.). 2013. Gender and equality in Muslim family law: Justice and ethics in the Islamic legal tradition. I.B. Tauris.
- Nurhikmah, N., Purnamasari, N. I., & Nursalam, N. 2025. Between mahar and uang panai: A comparative study of Islamic family law and customary law in marriage traditions of South Sulawesi. Ahlika: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga dan Hukum Islam, 2(1), 24–35. https://doi.org/10.70742/ahlika.v2i1.273.
- Orr, T. 2020. Review of Gender and Equality in Muslim Family Law: Justice and Ethics in the Islamic Legal Tradition. Journal of the Contemporary Study of Islam, 1(2). https://doi.org/10.37264/jcsi.v1i2.34.
- Pandu, Y. K., & Suwarsono, S. 2020. Kajian etnomatematika terhadap moko sebagai maskawin (belis) pada perkawinan adat masyarakat Alor. Asimtot: Jurnal Kependidikan Matematika, 2(2). https://doi.org/10.30822/asimtot.v2i2.768.
- Patiran, M. 2018. Kearifan lokal tradisi maskawin Tombor Mag di masyarakat Fak Fak Papua Barat. Simaharaja.
- Qudsy, S., Abdullah, I., Jubba, H., Prasojo, Z., & Taufik, E. 2024. The making of living ḥadīth: A new direction of ḥadīth studies in Indonesia. Culture and Religion, 24, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/14755610.2024.2336461.
- Qudsy, S. Z., & Dewi, S. K. 2018. Living hadis: Praktik, resepsi, teks, dan transmisi. Q-Media.
- Qur’an. (n.d.). The Qur’an.
- Rahim, A. B., & Kabes, P. 2021. Obrolan budaya Tombor Magh RRI Fakfak [Video]. YouTube.
- Rohman, M., & Utami, C. S. M. 2023. Puspita Bahari fisherwomen’s struggle against patriarchal culture in Morodemak (2005–2017). Al-Qalam, 29(2), 254–266. https://doi.org/10.31969/alq.v29i2.1306.
- Satiti, S. 2022. Pala, Tomborg Mag, dan proses pemiskinan di Kabupaten Fakfak. Jurnal Masyarakat & Budaya, 25(11).
- Shadra, Y. M., Saddriana, S., & Tajuddin, M. S. 2025. Living hadith and local wisdom: A phenomenological study of the Annyorong Lopi tradition in Southeast Asia. Harmoni, 24(1), 106–127. https://doi.org/10.32488/harmoni.v24i1.854.
- Sopyan, Y., & Asyraf, A. 2018. Mahar and paenre’: Regardless of social strata Bugis women in anthropological studies of Islamic law. Jurnal Cita Hukum, 6(1), 109–138. https://doi.org/10.15408/jch.v6i1.8270.
- Spradley, J. P. 1980. Participant observation. Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
- Suryadilaga, M. A. 2013. Hadis dan budaya lokal. Pustaka Pelajar.
- Tetelepta, S., Sianipar, R. S., & Parama, S. (2021). Perempuan Papua dan mas kawin: Suatu tinjauan feminisme poskolonial. Pute Waya: Sociology of Religion Journal, 2(2), 36–47. https://doi.org/10.51667/pwjsa.v2i2.776.
- Usman, L. (2018). Fungsi pembayaran mas kawin pada komunitas Kampung Skouw Sae, Kota Jayapura. Jurnal Penelitian Arkeologi Papua dan Papua Barat, 10(1), 17–33. https://doi.org/10.24832/papua.v10i1.239.
- Wadud, A. 1999. Qur’an and woman: Rereading the sacred text from a woman’s perspective. Oxford University Press.
- Interview :
- Interview with Abdul Kadir Patipi (Village Imam), 2023.
- Interview with E. Jainab Patipi (Homemaker), 2023.
- Interview with Fatimah (Homemaker), 2023.
- Interview with M. (Homemaker), 2023.
- Interview with Muhammad Raja (Fisherman), 2023.
- Interview with Salim Garamatan (Traditional Elder), 2023.
- Interview with Umar Iba (Patipi youth), 2023.
References
Abu Dawud. 2025. Sunan Abi Dawud. https://sunnah.com/abudawud.
Abza, M. Thohar Al, Heni Purwati, Muhamad Yusuf, Zulihi Zulihi, and Suparto Iribaram. 2024. ‘Helping Ease during Marriage: Tombor Magh as Social Ties among Family Members of Fakfak Family, West Papua, Indonesia’. Walisongo: Jurnal Penelitian Sosial Keagamaan 32(2 SE-Articles):217–44. doi:10.21580/ws.32.2.22985.
Al-Bukhari, M. I. 1993. Sahih al-Bukhari (5th ed.). Dar Ibn Kathir.
Al-Nawawi, A. Z. 2009. Syarh al-Majmu’ Syarh al-Muhadzdzab. Kairo: Mathba’ah al-Tadamun al-Kubra.
Al-Syāṭibī Abū Isḥāq. 2004. Al-Muwāfaqāt Fī Uṣūl al-Syarī‘ah. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyyah.
Al-Tirmidzi, Muhammad bin Isa bin Saurah bin Musa bin Dlahhak Abu Isa. 1975. Sunan Al-Tirmidzi. 2nd edn. edited by A. M. Syakir and M. F. A. Baqi. Kairo: Mathba’ah Mustafa Babi al-Halabi.
Amir, S. 2016. Molape Saronde dan Motidi dalam bingkai adat dan agama di Gorontalo. Al-Qalam: Jurnal Keagamaan dan Sosial Budaya, 22(1), 106–119. https://doi.org/10.31969/alq.v22i1.264.
Amri, L., Ansar, S. L., & Makarewa, M. Y. 2020. Negotiating legal pluralism: Managing tensions between Islamic law and customary law in Muslim marriage practices in Papua, Indonesia. Journal de l’Islam, 23(1), 10–12. https://doi.org/10.21154/justicia.v23i1.12404.
Auda, J. 2008. Maqasid al-shariah as philosophy of Islamic law. IIIT.
Badan Pusat Statistik Kabupaten Fakfak. 2024. Statistik daerah Kabupaten Fakfak 2024 (Publication No. 91010.24028). https://fakfakkab.bps.go.id
Barlas, A. 2002. Believing women in Islam: Unreading patriarchal interpretations of the Qur’an. University of Texas Press
Bourdieu, P. 1991. Language and symbolic power. Polity Press.
Bowen, John R. 2003. Islam, Law and Equality in Indonesia: An Anthropology of Public Reasoning. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Burhanudin, J., & van Dijk, K. (Eds.). 2013. Islam in Indonesia: Contrasting images and interpretations. Amsterdam University Press.
Creswell, J. W. 2013. Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches. SAGE Publications.
Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (2017). The SAGE handbook of qualitative research. SAGE Publications.
Emerson, R. M., Fretz, R. I., & Shaw, L. L. 2011. Writing ethnographic fieldnotes (2nd ed.). University of Chicago Press.
Ernas, S., Dp, I., & Kilderak, I. 2021. Islam, Papuanness and Indonesianess within Papuan Muslims in Fakfak. Al-Albab, 10(2), 275–294. https://doi.org/10.24260/alalbab.v10i2.1990.
Fasiha, F., Umar, U., Cahyani, R., & Nursafitri, E. 2023. Islamic law perspective on gender equality in improving family welfare. Al-Qalam: Jurnal Keagamaan dan Sosial Budaya, 29(2). https://doi.org/10.31969/alq.v29i2.1336.
Faqihuddin, A. K. 2019. Qiraah Mubadalah: Tafsir Progresif Untuk Keadilan Gender Dalam Islam. Yogyakarta: IRCiSoD.
Fauzi, N., Rahmansyah, A., Herlina, H., & Bahri, A. 2025. Building Islamic schooling in a Muslim-minority region: KH. Uso, ’asabiyah, and the institutionalization of Islamic education in Papua 1965–2020. Al-Qalam: Jurnal Keagamaan dan Sosial Budaya, 31(2). https://doi.org/10.31969/alq.v31i2.1655.
Foucault, M. 1980. Power/knowledge: Selected interviews and other writings 1972–1977. Pantheon Books.
Foucault, M. 2002. The archaeology of knowledge. Routledge.
Fredrik, J., Budiyono, & Siswanto. 2021. Ethnomathematics activities in kain timur making (The Moi tribe mas kawin tradition, Sorong City, West Papua). Proceedings of the International Conference of Mathematics and Mathematics Education (I-CMME 2021), 597, 295–302. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.211122.041.
Gasmelsid, S. M., Jamil, K. H. B., & Nasution, A. 2026. On living hadîts: A new trend of hermeneutics approach to study hadîts in Indonesia. MIQOT: Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Keislaman, 50(1), 128–145. https://doi.org/10.30821/miqot.v50i1.1587.
h. edited by M. E.-T. (trans. ). El-Mesawi. Herndon: IIIT.
Hamid, I. al. 2020. Islam, local “strongmen,” and multi-track diplomacies in building religious harmony in Papua. Journal of Indonesian Islam, 14(1), 113–138. https://doi.org/10.15642/JIIS.2020.14.1.113-138.
Harianto, Sugeng, & Listyani, R. H. 2025. Empowering marginalised women in rural Indonesia: A multifaceted approach. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 45(9–10), 959–980. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSSP-02-2025-0111.
Hasbillah, A. U. 2019. Ilmu living Qur’an-Hadist: Ontologi, epistemologi, dan aksiologi. Maktabah Darus-Sunnah.
Hasyim, M. F., Channa, L. A. W., & Mufid, M. 2020. The Walagara marriage ritual: The negotiation between Islamic law and custom in Tengger. Journal of Indonesian Islam, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.15642/JIIS.2020.14.1.139-162.
Ibn ‘Āshūr, M. al-Ṭāhir. 2006. Treatise on maqasid al-shariah (M. El-Mesawi, Trans.). IIIT.
Ilmiati, I., Nazhifah, L., Iqbal, M., Makkarateng, M. Y., & Arake, L. 2025. Unveiling gender disparities in legal traditions: A study of deferred mahar within customary law. De Jure: Jurnal Hukum dan Syar’iah, 17(1), 204–223. https://doi.org/10.18860/j-fsh.v17i1.30466.
Islamy, A. 2020. Gender mainstreaming in the hermeneutics of Islamic family law. Al-Bayyinah, 4(1), 20–35. https://doi.org/10.35673/al-bayyinah.v4i1.686.
Khasanah, U., & Merina, B. 2024. Papuan indigenous women in a patriarchal culture: A qualitative study. Proceeding of the International Conference on Social Sciences and Humanities Innovation, 1(1), 79–95. https://doi.org/10.70062/icsshi.v1i1.17.
Lefaan, I. S., & Lelapary, H. L. 2016. Jati diri perempuan asli Fak Fak. Pustaka Pelajar.
Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. 1985. Naturalistic inquiry. SAGE.
Manoby, W. M., Siscawati, M., & Dewi, K. H. 2023. Otonomi khusus Papua dalam hubungan dengan gender, generasi, dan deforestasi: Sebuah kajian ekologi politik feminis. Jurnal Bina Praja, 15(2), 431–442. https://doi.org/10.21787/jbp.15.2023.431-442.
Marpaung, L. 2021. Maskawin dalam sistem perkawinan tukar suku Isirawa di Kampung Wari, Sarmi, Papua. KENOSIS: Jurnal Kajian Teologi, 7(2), 315–336. https://doi.org/10.37196/kenosis.v7i2.377.
Mernissi, F. 1991. The veil and the male elite: A feminist interpretation of women’s rights in Islam. Addison-Wesley.
Mir-Hosseini, Z. (Ed.). 2013. Gender and equality in Muslim family law: Justice and ethics in the Islamic legal tradition. I.B. Tauris.
Nurhikmah, N., Purnamasari, N. I., & Nursalam, N. 2025. Between mahar and uang panai: A comparative study of Islamic family law and customary law in marriage traditions of South Sulawesi. Ahlika: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga dan Hukum Islam, 2(1), 24–35. https://doi.org/10.70742/ahlika.v2i1.273.
Orr, T. 2020. Review of Gender and Equality in Muslim Family Law: Justice and Ethics in the Islamic Legal Tradition. Journal of the Contemporary Study of Islam, 1(2). https://doi.org/10.37264/jcsi.v1i2.34.
Pandu, Y. K., & Suwarsono, S. 2020. Kajian etnomatematika terhadap moko sebagai maskawin (belis) pada perkawinan adat masyarakat Alor. Asimtot: Jurnal Kependidikan Matematika, 2(2). https://doi.org/10.30822/asimtot.v2i2.768.
Patiran, M. 2018. Kearifan lokal tradisi maskawin Tombor Mag di masyarakat Fak Fak Papua Barat. Simaharaja.
Qudsy, S., Abdullah, I., Jubba, H., Prasojo, Z., & Taufik, E. 2024. The making of living ḥadīth: A new direction of ḥadīth studies in Indonesia. Culture and Religion, 24, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/14755610.2024.2336461.
Qudsy, S. Z., & Dewi, S. K. 2018. Living hadis: Praktik, resepsi, teks, dan transmisi. Q-Media.
Qur’an. (n.d.). The Qur’an.
Rahim, A. B., & Kabes, P. 2021. Obrolan budaya Tombor Magh RRI Fakfak [Video]. YouTube.
Rohman, M., & Utami, C. S. M. 2023. Puspita Bahari fisherwomen’s struggle against patriarchal culture in Morodemak (2005–2017). Al-Qalam, 29(2), 254–266. https://doi.org/10.31969/alq.v29i2.1306.
Satiti, S. 2022. Pala, Tomborg Mag, dan proses pemiskinan di Kabupaten Fakfak. Jurnal Masyarakat & Budaya, 25(11).
Shadra, Y. M., Saddriana, S., & Tajuddin, M. S. 2025. Living hadith and local wisdom: A phenomenological study of the Annyorong Lopi tradition in Southeast Asia. Harmoni, 24(1), 106–127. https://doi.org/10.32488/harmoni.v24i1.854.
Sopyan, Y., & Asyraf, A. 2018. Mahar and paenre’: Regardless of social strata Bugis women in anthropological studies of Islamic law. Jurnal Cita Hukum, 6(1), 109–138. https://doi.org/10.15408/jch.v6i1.8270.
Spradley, J. P. 1980. Participant observation. Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Suryadilaga, M. A. 2013. Hadis dan budaya lokal. Pustaka Pelajar.
Tetelepta, S., Sianipar, R. S., & Parama, S. (2021). Perempuan Papua dan mas kawin: Suatu tinjauan feminisme poskolonial. Pute Waya: Sociology of Religion Journal, 2(2), 36–47. https://doi.org/10.51667/pwjsa.v2i2.776.
Usman, L. (2018). Fungsi pembayaran mas kawin pada komunitas Kampung Skouw Sae, Kota Jayapura. Jurnal Penelitian Arkeologi Papua dan Papua Barat, 10(1), 17–33. https://doi.org/10.24832/papua.v10i1.239.
Wadud, A. 1999. Qur’an and woman: Rereading the sacred text from a woman’s perspective. Oxford University Press.
Interview :
Interview with Abdul Kadir Patipi (Village Imam), 2023.
Interview with E. Jainab Patipi (Homemaker), 2023.
Interview with Fatimah (Homemaker), 2023.
Interview with M. (Homemaker), 2023.
Interview with Muhammad Raja (Fisherman), 2023.
Interview with Salim Garamatan (Traditional Elder), 2023.
Interview with Umar Iba (Patipi youth), 2023.